Risk and reliability
FMEA practical guide
Define failure modes, separate causes from effects, and use prioritization without confusing RPN with failure probability. Includes a worked teaching example and review checklist.
Knowledge
Educational guides to shipyards and production, maritime cargo, ship systems, risk and reliability, navigation and maritime rules.
95 topics, available in Turkish and English.
Risk and reliability
Risk and reliability
Fault tree analysis practical guide
Build a clear top event, interpret AND and OR gates, and check dependencies, cut sets and units. A worked two-fan example shows why shared support matters.
Risk and reliability
FMEA and FTA compared
Choose the method by the question, connect failure-mode records to system logic, and keep priority scores separate from probabilities. Includes a practical cross-checking workflow.
Risk and reliability
Event trees: how do response sequences become outcome frequencies?
Follow one initiating event through alternative responses. A worked example shows conditional probabilities, annual frequencies and the checks that prevent misleading conclusions.
Risk and reliability
HAZOP studies: from deviation to traceable action
How to turn HAZOP deviations into traceable decisions, with a cooling-loop example, safeguard checks and action-closure evidence.
Risk and reliability
Bow-tie analysis: from barrier diagrams to performance criteria
Define bow-tie barriers through functions, response margins, dependencies, performance criteria and evidence of availability.
Risk and reliability
LOPA and independent protection layers: when multiplication is justified
A worked LOPA example explains scenario boundaries, independent protection credit, conditional probabilities and uncertainty.
Risk and reliability
Common-cause failures: the hidden limit of redundancy
Why redundant equipment can fail together, and how dependency mapping, conditional probability and maintenance evidence expose shared weaknesses.
Risk and reliability
Uncertainty in risk analysis: ranges, sensitivity and decision robustness
Use uncertainty ranges, sensitivity tests and decision thresholds without confusing scenario bounds with statistical confidence.
Risk and reliability
Human reliability: tasks, context and opportunities for recovery
Analyze human reliability through task steps, realistic timing, performance conditions, dependent recovery and system improvements.
Risk and reliability
Risk-informed maintenance: from failure mechanism to work order
Connect maintenance to failure mechanisms, hidden unavailability, test coverage, work-order evidence and verified restoration.
Risk and reliability
Formal Safety Assessment in shipping: from risk to regulatory options
Apply IMO FSA reasoning to a hypothetical fleet, including exposure, risk-control options, gross and net cost-effectiveness and uncertainty.
Risk and reliability
FTA minimal cut sets: reducing logic without losing failure paths
Reduce a fault tree with repeated events, prove minimality and use counterexamples to distinguish a compact expression from a complete engineering model.
Risk and reliability
FTA probabilities: rare-event approximation and overlapping cut sets
Compare exact unions, rare-event sums and probability bounds using two overlapping cut sets, including a case where small cut-set probabilities still mislead.
Risk and reliability
FTA house events: modelling operating modes and maintenance states
Use deterministic house events to condition a fault tree on operating and maintenance states, and distinguish a demand-weighted mixture from time averaging.
Risk and reliability
FTA importance measures: what different rankings actually measure
Distinguish Birnbaum sensitivity, perfect-improvement benefit and risk-reduction worth with a worked redundant-system ranking and realistic intervention checks.
Risk and reliability
When failure order matters: the limits of a static fault tree
Compare simultaneous failure logic with cold standby, transfer coverage and response-time requirements using an explicit two-state transition calculation.
Risk and reliability
LOPA initiating frequencies: exposure and enabling conditions
Reconcile per-hour, per-transfer and per-year initiating data, then apply enabling conditions once with the correct conditional denominator.
Risk and reliability
Operator response in LOPA: detection, decision and available time
Evaluate a complete alarm-to-action chain, calculate available response time and distinguish demonstrated feasibility from an unsupported human-error probability.
Risk and reliability
LOPA proof testing: coverage, interval and hidden dangerous failures
Derive average hidden-failure probability, split partial-test coverage from full testing and expose the floor that more frequent partial testing cannot remove.
Risk and reliability
LOPA shared dependencies: sensors, logic, utilities and common maintenance
Quantify why shared sensors, utilities and maintenance can defeat two nominal layers together, then distinguish ordinary dependence from an initiating cause that guarantees blindness.
Risk and reliability
LOPA scenario aggregation: from one consequence frequency to a risk picture
Aggregate LOPA outcomes with a consistent incident definition, correct overlapping rows and preserve consequence severity instead of calling one frequency total risk.
Risk and reliability
HAZOP node boundaries: keeping design intent and interfaces visible
Select HAZOP nodes around coherent design intent, track connections across boundaries and test whether a downstream inventory consequence remains visible.
Risk and reliability
HAZOP pressure and flow deviations: separating causes from consequences
Separate blocked-outlet, reverse-flow and trapped-liquid heating scenarios with pressure-head and thermal-expansion examples, keeping causes and safeguards specific.
Ship systems
Ship systems
Cooling-system heat balances: what can flow and temperature tell us?
Turn flow and temperature readings into an understandable heat balance. Learn what the balance checks, how thermal storage changes the picture, and why a mismatch does not identify a fault by itself.
Ship systems
Seawater LT and HT cooling circuits
Trace separate seawater, LT and HT fluid paths and the heat passing between them. Includes an original three-circuit teaching diagram and a unit-checked energy example.
Ship systems
Pump curves and system resistance
Find flow and head together at the intersection of a centrifugal-pump curve and system curve. Original invented examples explain resistance changes, parallel pumps and hydraulic power.
Ship systems
Sensor reading control command and physical state
Separate an instrument indication from a controller request, actuator response and physical process. An original temperature-bias case explains why agreement on a display is not enough.
Ship systems
Ballast-water treatment: operating envelope, monitoring and records
How treatment limits, tank history, realistic ballast schedules and traceable records support effective ballast-water management.
Ship systems
Bilge and oily-water management: separation, monitoring and barriers
An engineering view of bilge-source control, representative sampling, protective response and traceable oily-water disposal.
Ship systems
Marine-fuel conditioning: compatibility and cleanliness from tank to engine
Fuel identity, compatibility, cleaning, viscosity control and evidence from bunker delivery to the engine inlet.
Ship systems
Ship electrical protection: selectivity, short circuits and shared failures
Protection coordination across ship operating modes, fault-current ranges, control dependencies and equipment withstand.
Ship systems
Blackout recovery: power management and controlled restart
Recovery dependencies, emergency-source roles, restart demand and evidence that essential functions are truly restored.
Ship systems
Compressed air aboard ships: stored energy, starting air and contamination
Starting-air reserves, essential-air demand, condensation, contamination and pressure-system integrity aboard ships.
Ship systems
Steering-gear hydraulics: redundancy, leakage and evidence of movement
How steering commands, hydraulic energy, feedback and failure boundaries combine to produce dependable rudder movement.
Ship systems
Ship fire mains: coverage, isolation and availability
Fire-main hydraulics, emergency-pump dependencies, isolation boundaries, representative tests and controlled maintenance impairments.
Ship systems
Shaft alignment: from centreline geometry to bearing load and oil film
Explore shaft-bearing load sharing, thermal and hull changes, influence coefficients and the limits of alignment measurements.
Ship systems
Marine HVAC: sensible load, dehumidification and heat recovery
Understand temperature and moisture loads, dry-air-basis calculations, part-load behaviour and heat-recovery limits in ship accommodation.
Ship systems
Shore power: compatibility, load transfer and protection boundaries
Go beyond voltage and frequency in shore connections: power calculations, earthing, interlocks, cable movement and load transfer.
Ship systems
Propeller cavitation: how a non-uniform wake changes blade loading
Connect vapour formation, wake harmonics, blade incidence and pressure pulses through a worked cavitation-number example.
Ship systems
Torsional vibration and the barred speed range
Understand excitation orders, shaft modes, alternating stress and why time spent crossing a resonance matters.
Ship systems
Watertight boundaries: from initial damage to progressive flooding
Explore flooding paths between compartments, differential head, intermediate stages and closure evidence through a worked example.
Ship systems
Underwater radiated noise: measuring pressure and interpreting decibels
Read hydrophone levels, bandwidth, background correction and source estimates without confusing different acoustic quantities.
Ship systems
Tank sloshing: from a moving free surface to dynamic structural loads
Explore tank natural periods, fill-level sensitivity, impact pressure, impulse and the limits of scale-model predictions.
Ship systems
Exhaust economizers: heat recovery, fouling and soot fires
Read exhaust temperature, gas pressure loss, circulation and deposits together to distinguish performance loss from soot-fire mechanisms.
Ship systems
Marine-battery thermal runaway: understanding propagation from cell to module
Separate electrical isolation from ending an internal chemical event, and examine propagation tests, off-gas, cooling and the limits of energy-capacity figures.
Ship systems
Diesel indicator diagrams: indicated power, brake power and diagnostic limits
Read pressure–volume work, IMEP and shaft power together, with a six-cylinder calculation and checks on crank-angle reference, cycle definition and measurement uncertainty.
Ship systems
Fuel injection and atomization: connecting spray, ignition and combustion evidence
Follow fuel from pressure difference to spray and ignition, with dimensional examples, timing conversions and a disciplined interpretation of smoke, temperature and pressure traces.
Ship systems
Scavenge-air cooling: density, condensation and water carry-over
Connect compressed-air temperature, pressure dew point and condensate mass, then distinguish normal moisture removal from leakage, blocked drains and liquid carry-over.
Ship systems
Turbocharger compressor surge: operating maps and transient causes
Read a compressor operating point with the correct pressure and flow references, distinguish steady margin from transient stability and use a worked uncertainty example to question apparent headroom.
Ship systems
Cylinder lubrication: oil distribution, acid neutralization and wear evidence
Understand the separate jobs of a two-stroke cylinder oil, convert specific consumption into actual supply and interpret residual alkalinity and iron without mistaking dilution for reduced wear.
Ship systems
Crankcase oil mist: hot spots, detection and protective boundaries
Trace an oil-mist alarm from local heating through aerosol transport and detection to protective action, with a response-delay example and checks on coverage, contamination and crew exposure.
Ship systems
Engine–propeller load diagrams: torque, power and operating margins
Connect propeller-law estimates to torque and engine limits, with worked heavy-running and shaft-generator examples that keep the power boundary and fixed-pitch assumptions explicit.
Ship systems
Steam traps and condensate: heat transfer, backpressure and water hammer
Follow steam heating through condensate production, trap differential pressure and flash steam, with examples showing why a healthy trap can still fail to drain a system.
Maritime rules
Maritime rules
Maritime rules and authorities: conventions, flag, port and class
Understand how conventions, national law, flag-State responsibility, delegated statutory work, class and port-State control fit together. Includes an applicability exercise and an original authority map.
Maritime rules
COLREG collision-risk assessment: a framework for learning
Connect look-out, safe speed, risk, responsibilities and action verification. Explains sensor and visibility limits with a checked numerical teaching example, without prescribing live manoeuvres.
Maritime rules
SOLAS safety management and machinery–electrical safety
Distinguish SOLAS technical provisions, mandatory codes and supporting guidance. Connect machinery and electrical service dependencies with ISM responsibilities, maintenance evidence and learning.
Shipyards and production
Shipyards and production
Shipyard block-production planning: work packages, bottlenecks and readiness
A practical guide to work packages, readiness, bottlenecks and reliable completion in shipyard block production.
Shipyards and production
Welding distortion in shipbuilding: process, measurement and quality assurance
Understand welding distortion through process qualification, measurement conditions, inspection and traceable correction.
Shipyards and production
Dimensional control in block assembly: datums and tolerance chains
Distinguish datums, thermal effects, tolerance chains and measurement uncertainty in ship-block assembly.
Shipyards and production
Dry-docking engineering: load transfer, supports and operating limits
Follow dry-docking load transfer, local support capacity, configuration changes and readiness for refloating.
Shipyards and production
Marine coatings and corrosion: surface preparation and traceability
Connect marine-coating surface preparation, environmental conditions, film thickness, material estimates and maintenance records.
Shipyards and production
Shipyard outfitting interfaces: piping, cables, access and change control
Go beyond geometric fit in outfitting: maintenance access, signal meaning, system boundaries and controlled changes.
Shipyards and production
Ship commissioning: harbour tests, sea trials and acceptance evidence
Connect ship commissioning requirements, safe tests, measurement chains, sea conditions and traceable acceptance evidence.
Shipyards and production
Heavy lifting and temporary supports in shipyards: understanding the load path
Examine centre of gravity, sling angle, structural load paths and temporary supports in shipyard lifting operations.
Shipyards and production
Non-destructive testing of ship welds: method selection, coverage and acceptance
A technical guide to surface and volumetric examination, discontinuity orientation, ultrasonic sound paths and weld acceptance.
Shipyards and production
Ship piping pressure tests: test boundaries, stored energy and interpretation
Understand hydraulic and pneumatic test energy, temporary-blank loads, elevation effects and the limits of a pressure trace.
Shipyards and production
Inclining experiments and lightship: from measured GM to reliable centre of gravity
A worked guide to inclining moments, free-surface correction, lightship adjustment and measurement uncertainty.
Shipyards and production
Cathodic protection on ships: current, anode life and potential measurement
Distinguish galvanic anodes, impressed current, local protective potential, coating effects and anode capacity.
Shipyards and production
Welded-hull fatigue: stress range, hot spots and cycle damage
Separate static strength from fatigue endurance, and read nominal stress, hot-spot stress, S–N curves and cumulative damage through worked examples.
Maritime cargo
Maritime cargo
Cargo securing at sea: motions, load paths and the securing plan
An engineering guide to cargo securing through forces, geometry, contact conditions and inspection.
Maritime cargo
Container mass and VGM: from a correct number to reliable stowage data
Measuring verified gross mass, maintaining identity and version control, and using it in stowage planning.
Maritime cargo
Bulk-cargo liquefaction: moisture, sampling and acceptance limits
Cargo identity, representative sampling, moisture control and acceptance decisions for liquefaction and dynamic separation.
Maritime cargo
Cargo distribution and hull strength: beyond total weight
Assessing longitudinal strength, local loading limits and transient loading conditions in one plan.
Maritime cargo
Cargo condensation and ventilation: reasoning with dew point
A guide connecting dew point, surface temperature, moisture sources and safe ventilation decisions.
Maritime cargo
Dangerous goods at sea: classification, segregation and the information chain
The links between dangerous-goods identity, packaging, incompatibility, shipboard stowage and emergency information.
Maritime cargo
The ship–terminal interface in bulk operations: rate, sequence and stop authority
Combining loading sequence, ballast capability, communication and stop delay in a shared ship–terminal plan.
Maritime cargo
Ro-ro cargo operations: vehicle layout, water and fire risks
Integrating vehicle mass, securing, water accumulation, fire detection and alternative-fuel vehicle considerations on ro-ro ships.
Maritime cargo
Reefer transport: air temperature, product temperature and cold-chain evidence
Examine precooling, airflow paths, sensor location, power interruptions and temperature-record interpretation in refrigerated containers.
Maritime cargo
Draught surveys: from draught readings to cargo mass and uncertainty
Separate density, tank quantities, sign conventions and uncertainty when estimating bulk-cargo mass from displacement change.